Tuesday, October 6, 2015
Sunday, October 4, 2015
Bill Gates`s 10 rules For Succes
1) Have Energy
2) Have A Bad Influence
3) Work Hard
4) Create The Future
5) Enjoy What You Do
6) Play Bridge
7) Ask For Advice
8) Pick Good People
9) Don`t Procrastinate
10) Have A Sense Of Humor
9) Don`t Procrastinate
10) Have A Sense Of Humor
Sunday, August 9, 2015
New Zealand Dairy
DAIRY
The taste of milk products from grass-fed animals who have space to roam, gives New Zealand dairy a full-flavoured natural quality that sets it apart.
Cheese platter
Dairy is the backbone of New Zealand's food and beverage industry - it is the world's top dairy exporter and accounts for a third of the world's dairy trade. As New Zealand's biggest export earner (exports totalled NZ$12.1 billion in 2011), dairy contributes 25 percent to New Zealand's merchandise export earnings.
New Zealand's efficient all-grass farming system, large-scale processing, high levels of research and development investment, and creative marketing are key strengths of the industry.
We can provide everything from high-quality basics such as butter and cheese, through to gourmet ice cream and specialised ingredients like spray-dried milk proteins. Development of new functional foods (ie low-fat, high calcium and protein milk) and biomedical and biohealth products are also growing trends in the industry.
Excellent hygiene and quality technology put New Zealand dairy among the most reliable in the world. You can feel secure consuming products that comply with our rigorous health and safety standards.
Industry structure
Dairy co-operatives have been part of the industry since 1871. The industry is one of New Zealand's largest and best examples of a vertically integrated, co-ordinated global supplier industry. The dominant players are Fonterra, Tatua and Westland. Other players include Open Country Cheese, Goodman Fielder and Synlait.
Innovation
New Zealand's dairy innovations include:
a partnership between Fonterra and GE Healthcare, a leading healthcare company, to tackle bone health issues using Anlene products and GE's bone mineral density technology
achieving a world-first by breeding cows that produce low-fat milk that is also high in omega3 oils and polyunsaturated fat. The cows were bred from a single female discovered by researchers to have a particular genetic mutation during a routine milk screening programme
developing the world's first commercialised infant formula from goat milk and the world's first long-life goat milk. The company behind this innovation, Dairy Goat Co-operative NZ Limited, continues to develop and make a range of premium specialty formulations based on goat milk
the world's first processing plant to produce complex lipids from milk - the result of a long-term collaboration between Fonterra's ingredients business and Industrial Research Limited. In a purified form, these lipids can be worth thousands of dollars a kilogram. They have a variety of applications in nutritional and cosmetic applications.
Regional strengths
The North Island is home to 68 percent of New Zealand's dairy cattle, with approximately 30 percent of the country's total located in the Waikato region. Taranaki is the second most populated region at 11 percent. Dairy cattle in the South Island accounts for 32 percent of the national total.
Other specific regional activity includes a cluster of dairy sheep farmers in Otago and Southland, which is focusing on three key areas:
producing sheep milk for cheese plants such as Whitestone Cheese (added-value sheep milk cheese)
feta cheese production
biotech applications.
A dairy education and innovation centre in the Manawatu also offers specific graduate training for the dairy industry by Massey University in conjunction with Fonterra.
Organic production
Organic production is expected to be worth more than $130 million within a few years. There are more than 100 organic dairy farms in the North Island. Taranaki, Waikato and the Bay of Plenty have regional clusters of organic milk producers. There are around 200 suppliers of organic farming inputs, such as seaweed drenches and organic fertilisers and animal health products, supporting the sector. 
The taste of milk products from grass-fed animals who have space to roam, gives New Zealand dairy a full-flavoured natural quality that sets it apart.
Cheese platter
Dairy is the backbone of New Zealand's food and beverage industry - it is the world's top dairy exporter and accounts for a third of the world's dairy trade. As New Zealand's biggest export earner (exports totalled NZ$12.1 billion in 2011), dairy contributes 25 percent to New Zealand's merchandise export earnings.
New Zealand's efficient all-grass farming system, large-scale processing, high levels of research and development investment, and creative marketing are key strengths of the industry.
We can provide everything from high-quality basics such as butter and cheese, through to gourmet ice cream and specialised ingredients like spray-dried milk proteins. Development of new functional foods (ie low-fat, high calcium and protein milk) and biomedical and biohealth products are also growing trends in the industry.
Excellent hygiene and quality technology put New Zealand dairy among the most reliable in the world. You can feel secure consuming products that comply with our rigorous health and safety standards.
Industry structure
Dairy co-operatives have been part of the industry since 1871. The industry is one of New Zealand's largest and best examples of a vertically integrated, co-ordinated global supplier industry. The dominant players are Fonterra, Tatua and Westland. Other players include Open Country Cheese, Goodman Fielder and Synlait.
Innovation
New Zealand's dairy innovations include:
a partnership between Fonterra and GE Healthcare, a leading healthcare company, to tackle bone health issues using Anlene products and GE's bone mineral density technology
achieving a world-first by breeding cows that produce low-fat milk that is also high in omega3 oils and polyunsaturated fat. The cows were bred from a single female discovered by researchers to have a particular genetic mutation during a routine milk screening programme
developing the world's first commercialised infant formula from goat milk and the world's first long-life goat milk. The company behind this innovation, Dairy Goat Co-operative NZ Limited, continues to develop and make a range of premium specialty formulations based on goat milk
the world's first processing plant to produce complex lipids from milk - the result of a long-term collaboration between Fonterra's ingredients business and Industrial Research Limited. In a purified form, these lipids can be worth thousands of dollars a kilogram. They have a variety of applications in nutritional and cosmetic applications.
Regional strengths
The North Island is home to 68 percent of New Zealand's dairy cattle, with approximately 30 percent of the country's total located in the Waikato region. Taranaki is the second most populated region at 11 percent. Dairy cattle in the South Island accounts for 32 percent of the national total.
Other specific regional activity includes a cluster of dairy sheep farmers in Otago and Southland, which is focusing on three key areas:
producing sheep milk for cheese plants such as Whitestone Cheese (added-value sheep milk cheese)
feta cheese production
biotech applications.
A dairy education and innovation centre in the Manawatu also offers specific graduate training for the dairy industry by Massey University in conjunction with Fonterra.
Organic production
Organic production is expected to be worth more than $130 million within a few years. There are more than 100 organic dairy farms in the North Island. Taranaki, Waikato and the Bay of Plenty have regional clusters of organic milk producers. There are around 200 suppliers of organic farming inputs, such as seaweed drenches and organic fertilisers and animal health products, supporting the sector.
50 reasons Singapore is the world's greatest city
1. A party like it's 1965
Question: Which was the coolest debut of 1965?
A) The Beatles release "Rubber Soul"
B) Actress Gong Li is born
C) Singapore achieves independence
There's a lot to love from '65, but if you answered "C," you'll want to stand tall amid the red and white flags waving at center stage this weekend when Singapore unleashes its Golden Jubilee birthday bash.
Celebratory events last the best part of the year, highlighted by the August 9 National Day Parade, with aerial stunts from the Air Force and a fireworks display we're told will make others look like cheap sparklers by comparison.
2. An airport people love
No joke. There's a sunflower garden in an airport.
No joke. There's a sunflower garden in an airport.
Singapore Changi Airport is consistently voted the world's best airport in both industry and consumer polls.
Among unexpected highlights there's an outdoor nature trail, swimming pool, movie theater, hawker-style food stalls, beauty and reflexology centers, children's play areas, sleeping areas and massage chairs all over the place.
If only the flights were delayed more often.
3. Perfect place to workshop your veddy Bwiddish accent
Raffles Hotel sounds British and looks it.
But it was conceived by three Armenian brothers, who wanted to ape the Brit style and attract wealthy 19th-century travelers.
Raffles became a hub of Singapore society and bolthole to stars from all over the world.
4. Best-ever crustacean dish
Chili crab was created in 1950 by Singaporean chef Cher Yaw Tian and her husband Lim Choon Ngee.
It's since become the unofficial national dish of a food-loving nation.
Restaurants and coffee shops serve it by the ton nightly.
The runner-up crustacean dish, Singapore's signature black pepper crab, would take center stage anywhere else.
5. Fashion Week for the rest of us
Unlike the official fashion weeks in Paris, Milan, London and New York, which are open only to media, buyers and celebs, Singapore Fashion Week sells tickets to the general public.
6. Cocktails beneath lantern-lit skies
Potato Head Folk is a newcomer to Singapore's rooftop bar scene.
Potato Head Folk is a newcomer to Singapore's rooftop bar scene.
Intimate, lantern-strewn bars dot rooftops from the Central Business District (Southbridge overlooking the river, Lantern Bar overlooking the bay) to Chinatown (The Rooftop Garden).
With year-round balmy evenings, the city's many rooftop bars are open most nights, unlike in other cities where they close down once summer is over.
7. No waiting around
When it comes to public services, visitors seldom have to wait.
Strict performance targets at the airport, for instance, mean travelers don't have to loiter around the luggage carousel.
The first bag off a wide-body airplane has to be on the carousel in 12 minutes; the last has to arrive within 30 minutes.
It just gets quicker from there -- Singapore trains always run on time.
8. Sharing popcorn (among other things) simplified
At Gemini cinema, the comfy seats come two by two and with moveable arm rests, making a cozy space for couples.
9. English no one else understands
It never fails to amuse locals when foreigners try (and fail miserably) to use Singlish, Singapore's own animated colloquial slang.
But that doesn't mean visitors shouldn't learn a couple of expressions.
When bargaining, you can say: "So expensive! Cheaper can? I no money lah."
Singlish is a blend of the country's many languages and dialects, including the Queen's English, Bahasa Melayu, Tamil, Hokkien, Teochew, Cantonese, Bengali and Punjabi.
While some Singaporeans frown on Singlish as an embarrassing crime against grammar, others see it as a colorful and unique expression of the nation's multi-culturism.
10. Supertrees
They're even more super at night.
They're even more super at night.
Who needs photosynthesis?
Singapore has 18 man-made "trees" between 25 and 50 meters tall, each loaded up with intricate vertical gardens.
The colossal solar-powered supertrees are part of the 250-acre Gardens by the Bay.
The evening light show gives you a neon appreciation for Singapore's unique relationship with nature.
11. A bridge to another world
Sentosa Island has sandy beaches, resort hotels, a marina, beach and yacht clubs, adventure parks and historic displays -- and it's reachable by bridge from mainland Singapore.
12. Tissue is an iron-clad social compact
Hawker centers get packed during lunchtime.
Locals "chope" (reserve) a seat by placing a pack of tissue paper on a table.
Cooperative eaters have invented this quirky system to secure a seat at these self-serve food halls before heading off to order their meals.
13. World's coolest hybrid
What other place would even think of making a bizarre hybrid of a lion and fish its international ambassador?
The Merlion's body represents Singapore's humble roots as a fishing village.
Its head represents Singapore's original name, Singapura, or "lion city" in Malay.
Sounds good to us.
Looks even better to the countless tourists who can't resist the city's most irresistible selfie backdrop.
The best, water-spewing Merlion is located next to One Fullerton, overlooking Marina Bay.
14. Identity in a glass
Where else is the spirit and history of a city captured in a cocktail?
Where else is the spirit and history of a city captured in a cocktail?
The Singapore Sling, a pink drink including gin, cherry brandy and lime juice, was created in the Long Bar at Raffles hotel in 1915, neatly making this the 100th anniversary of the cocktail.
15. More uncles than you knew you had
Regardless of their age, Singapore taxi drivers are typically called "Uncle."
Jump into a cab and if you're lucky to be driven by a chatty taxi uncle, be prepared for a discussion on anything from international business to what's for dinner.
16. More taxis than you knew existed
With close to 30,000 official taxis servicing a population of fewer than 5.5 million people, it's usually easy to get a ride.
And they're cheap.
It's rare for a ride to be far enough away from anywhere that it costs more than US$20.
Plus, due to local regulations, all taxis are meticulously maintained.
17. Caviar followed by curry
At latest count Singapore had 6,750 eating establishments.
Pakistani curry restaurants, a Russian caviar bar, Malaysian and Peranakan places and Argentinian steakhouses all co-exist with an overwhelming variety of Chinese restaurants to cement the city's position as a world culinary capital.
18. No one (with any pride) complains about being cold
With year-round temps around 32C (90 F), and almost never dipping below 23C (74 F), no winter clothing is required -- except inside the occasionally over-air-conditioned shopping mall or restaurant.
19. Best lah
There's L.A., there's the immortal "la la la" song lyric, there's the rock band from Liverpool -- but there's no "lah" like the one in Singapore.
The word "lah" can be, and often is, added to the end of any sentence in Singapore.
With no absolute definition of its own, its meaning can change depending on the sentence.
Lah can be used to either emphasize a point or soften a command.
Or it can be used to save words, by dramatically shortening sentences: "Come on, don't waste anymore time!" becomes simply "Come on, lah."
The word is one of the most commonly used in Singlish.
20. Wild, moonlit prowls
In Singapore, "nightlife" has many meanings.
In Singapore, "nightlife" has many meanings.
Singapore's Night Safari is the world's first nocturnal safari park.
It showcases more than 2,500 animals in their natural nighttime habitats.
No more going to the zoo to look at a bunch of dozing animals.
21. Spirit in the sky
Singapore has made many of its green spaces accessible by linking them with a network of aerial walkways that take you high above the birds and trees.
A highlight is crossing the fabulous Henderson Waves footbridge to the Mount Faber cable car station.
22. Nowhere is far
Other big cities can leave you sitting forever in a taxi or subway, making many trips an expedition.
Singapore is compact and easy to get around.
Maps are easy to follow and taxis won't break the bank, with few rides lasting more than 15 minutes.
23. A 'stalker' you can live with
At Singapore Zoo, which glosses itself "the world's best rainforest zoo," 24-year-old polar bear Inuka (Inuit for "Silent Stalker") is a leading attraction.
The first polar bear born in the tropics, Inuka is a graceful swimmer despite his 1,200-pound girth.
24. Walks on the mild side
Singapore's streets are extremely safe.
Crime rates are low.
Lots of parents are even OK with their teenagers returning home in the small hours of the morning after a night out.
Or so the kids tell us.
25. An artsy 'banana split'
Singapore-ArtScience Museum: Some say it looks like a robotic hand, some say a lotus flower.
Singapore-ArtScience Museum: Some say it looks like a robotic hand, some say a lotus flower.
Singapore is home to two of the world's three most expensive buildings (including the high-rise "stranded surfboard," formally known as Marina Bay Sands), a concert hall shaped like a durian fruit and a museum that looks like a split banana.
There's enough monumental brutalism, artistry and the odd abomination to keep architecture students snapping pictures for weeks.
26. Running away is easy
Look at a map: amazing destinations like the beaches of Thailand and Malaysia, the teeming rainforests of Borneo and the archaeological marvels of Cambodia and Java are just a short hop away.
It's easy to live on a small island when you're so close to so much that's so great.
27. Coming home is even easier
After you've done rainforests, city congestion and traveler haunts across Southeast Asia, it's a relief to get to a city free of jams, scams and keening touts.
Even the freeways here are surrounded by flowers and manicured trees.
28. Celebrations
It's not just this year's Jubilee bashes.
With a population spanning Chinese, Malay, Indian, Caucasian and others, the religions of Singapore include Buddhism, Islam, Hinduism, Sikhism and Christianity.
That adds up to a lot of cultural and religious festivals and public holidays.
Chinese New Year is celebrated island-wide.
Vesak Day marks Buddha's birthday, with flower and candle offerings at temples.
Some weeks later, Hari Raya Puasa, not to be confused with Hari Raya Raji, celebrates the end of Ramadan, when Muslim areas such as Geylang and Kampong Glam are filled with decorated street markets.
In October or November, Little India is lit up with colorful displays and bazaars during Deepvali.
Though not public holidays, Thaipusam is marked by Hindus, and the Hungry Ghost and mid-Autumn Festivals are also widely celebrated by local Chinese.
Christian days are celebrated too -- Singaporeans love a feast, and a consumer opportunity.
29. An easily accessible time machine
Take a bum boat from Changi Point to Pulau Ubin and you'll find a traditional fishing island that shows how Singaporeans used to live.
Fewer than 50 residents live on the island, and their rustic way of life has remained largely unchanged for decades.
There are also good seafood restaurants here, with views across the water.
30. Top chef convention ... every day
Any more celeb chefs stop by and we'll need a longer selfie stick.
Any more celeb chefs stop by and we'll need a longer selfie stick.
Numerous cities have their own home-grown celeb chefs.
But for such a relatively small place, Singapore has a huge concentration of internationally renowned French, American, Japanese, Australian and British foodsmiths with local restaurants.
Adding to a roster that includes Joel Robuchon, Daniel Boulud and Mario Batali, Gordon Ramsay has opened his first restaurant here, Jamie Oliver his second and Wolfgang Puck his first Spago in Asia.
31. World's highest, largest rooftop pool
The view from Marina Bay Sands' world's highest 495-foot rooftop pool is truly magnificent.
Swarms of people take selfies here every day to prove it.
32. Beauty of a beach bar
Sentosa Island's Tanjong Beach Club is everything Pulau Ubin isn't.
One of the world's best beach bars, it draws models, bankers and beach bums.
At night, DJs play to an enthusiastic crowd who like to feel the sand between their toes as they dance.
33. A museum dedicated to public housing. Really!
OK, so a museum dedicated to the HDB (Housing Development Board) probably isn't high on everybody's must-see list.
But if social housing isn't your thing, it might be after a visit to this thoughtfully put-together museum that tells Singapore's public housing story through multi-sensory exhibits that include floor-to-wall seamless projection, a first-of-its-kind life-sized hologram and an emotive rendition of the popular national song "Home."
Who says public housing can't make you cry? In a good way.
34. Street food for timid eaters
Stomach be still: authentic street food with none of the worries.
Stomach be still: authentic street food with none of the worries.
Lots of places have fabulous street food.
But Singapore food stalls are concentrated into hawker centers and rated for hygiene, alleviating concerns many travelers have about subjecting their stomachs to unfamiliar street foods.
The CBD's Lau Pa Sat gets a lot of publicity for its attractive Victorian architecture.
Maxwell Centre is good before or after hitting the bars of Chinatown.
But the East Coast is generally recognized as having the best food.
35. World's freakiest theme park
Singapore's most bizarre attraction is Haw Par Villa.
The 1,000-plus statue theme park built in 1937 depicts a walk through the 18 levels of hell according to Chinese folklore.
The goriest and most graphic section is the Ten Courts of Hell, which portrays the gruesome tortures sinners endure when they descend into the underworld.
36. Play dates for adults
With the Universal Studios Singapore and MegaZip zip line at Sentosa, the KF1 Karting circuit at Kranji, casinos at Marina Bay Sands and Resorts World Sentosa and water parks throughout the city, Singapore might be seen as a giant playground for adults.
37. 24-hour dim sum
While Geylang may be known for its vices, it's an equally popular area for the many Chinese food stalls that line its streets.
Throughout the early hours of a Saturday or Sunday morning, the post-clubbing crowd crams into famous joints such as 126 (126 Sims Ave.; +65 6746 4757), which serves dim sum and stays open for 24 hours.
38. Dedicated bag ladies
Thanks to the warm weather, Singaporean girls have a penchant for wearing as little as they can get away with.
The typical "uniform" consists of a spaghetti top, denim shorts, sunglasses and latest designer "it" handbag.
Yes, the women here are serious bag ladies.
39. Colonial architecture
No place does preserved colonial architectural splendor like Singapore.
The island is dotted with grand white monoliths, all columns, balustrades and verandahs, built by the British in the 19th century.
But unlike other former colonies in the region, all have been perfectly maintained since the government began protecting heritage sites in 1971.
The recently restored Victoria Theater and Concert Hall has reopened its doors, while the vast Supreme Court is currently being renovated and due to open as the National Gallery by the end of 2015.
40. Rotating reminders of the cool old days
If the constant shift between equatorial heat and shattering blasts of air conditioning leaves you cold -- or even hypothermic -- you can track down a place where the cooling is done by the gentle swish of a ceiling fan.
Chances are it'll be a wood-floored bar or romantic old colonial building.
No wonder everybody looked so cool back in the day.
41. Movie rain
Sitting so close to the equator, Singapore gets heroic tropical downpours, photogenic blasts often accompanied by the boom of thunderstorms.
Being caught in one is like starring in your own Hollywood love scene.
Quick, find someone to kiss.
Or break up with.
42. Aggressively polite peer pressure
Be Courteous, Speak English, Speak Mandarin, Stop Dengue, Save Water, Stop Littering, Be Kind, Don't Spit, Stop At Two.
Making local celebrities of characters such as Bag-Down Benny and Move-In Martin to encourage considerate behavior on the MRT, many public campaigns attract smirks.
But, overall, Singaporeans love urging people to be gracious citizens.
43. Craziest adrenaline junkie
Khoo Swee Chiow, aka the first Singaporean to summit Mount Everest (and once more without oxygen), aka the record holder for the world's longest journey on skates (6,088 kilometers in 94 days), aka the man who broke the world record for the longest submergence underwater in a controlled environment (220 hours), aka the cyclist who rode from Singapore to Beijing in 73 days (8,066 kilometers) ...
You get the idea.
He's the ultimate inspiration for anyone looking to shed some couch fat.
44. Fast and curious
What's more fun than watching a Formula One race? Watching it at night.
What's more fun than watching a Formula One race? Watching it at night.
Singapore hosts the first Formula One night race in the world and the whole population seems consumed by the "F1" event that stretches over three days.
Top international musicians are flown in to perform and the Grand Prix itself takes place on a circuit that goes through the heart of the city.
The spectacle looks stunning from any number of the central district's rooftop bars.
45. Toilets you can eat off
The Restaurant Association of Singapore wants public toilets so clean you can eat off the lids.
To do that, they comb the island in search of restrooms that offend their sensibilities and spread the good word on proper toilet etiquette.
46. It's appellation nation
The Lion City.
The Garden City.
The Asian Tiger.
The "Fine" City.
All venerable nicknames, but the longtime favorite is the Little Red Dot.
The term gained currency after former Indonesian President B.J. Habibie dismissed Singapore as a mere "red dot."
Singaporeans made the phrase their own and it's commonly cited in accolades the island regularly receives, such as the "best place to do business" and "most livable city in Asia."
47. Even fish get a holiday
Singaporeans understand that fish have needs, too.
That's why they've got a hotel for pet koi.
Nippon Koi Farm in the countryside of Kranji doesn't only sell the colorful and collectible koi, they take care of koi for absent owners.
Its koi hotel caters to owners who are on vacation, going through house renovations or having pond problems at home.
Owners can even upgrade their koi's quarters by housing them in an individual "project pond."
48. Green peace
At Gardens by the Bay, visitors looking to escape the humidity can step inside the world's largest column-less greenhouse.
Thousands of plant species from all over the world are housed under a giant domed roof where the temperature is permanently set around 23C (75F).
Next door, the Cloud Forest contains a dizzying 115-foot-tall hill shrouded in lush, mist-covered vegetation and the world's tallest indoor waterfall.
49. Deals are always just around the corner
At any given time, local restaurants and stores offer discounts applicable to different credit cards.
Canny locals keep a string of cards so they can always produce the one qualifying for the discount of the day.
Singapore is also a shopping center, in all senses of the term.
Best times to shop are during the Great Singapore Sale (strictly eight weeks between May and July) and Christmas season and Chinese New Year.
50. A uniform even fashionistas would approve of
Designed by Parisian Pierre Balmain, Singapore Airilnes' figure-hugging flight attendant unis have changed little since debuting in 1968 -- proof of their timeless beauty.
The traditional Sarong Kebaya uniform is made in batik material and tailor-cut to each of the flight attendants.
Tuesday, June 16, 2015
Ferrari
Ferrari S.p.A. is an Italian luxury sports car manufacturer based in Maranello. Founded by Enzo Ferrari in 1929, as Scuderia Ferrari, the company sponsored drivers and manufactured race cars before moving into production of street-legal vehicles in 1947. Fiat acquired 50% of Ferrari in 1969 and expanded its stake to 90% in 1988.[4] In May 2012 the 1962 Ferrari 250 GTO became the world's most expensive car, selling in a private transaction for $38,115,000 to American communications magnate Craig McCaw.[5] In 2014 Fiat announced its intentions to sell a portion of its share in Ferrari; as of the announcement Fiat owned 90% of Ferrari.
Throughout its history, the company has been noted for its continued participation in racing, especially in Formula One, where it has had great success. Ferrari road cars are generally seen as a symbol of speed, luxury and wealth..
Throughout its history, the company has been noted for its continued participation in racing, especially in Formula One, where it has had great success. Ferrari road cars are generally seen as a symbol of speed, luxury and wealth..
Fifa
The FIFA World Cup, often simply called the World Cup, is an international association football competition contested by the senior men's national teams of the members of Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA), the sport's global governing body. The championship has been awarded every four years since the inaugural tournament in 1930, except in 1942 and 1946 when it was not held because of the Second World War. The current champion is Germany, which won its fourth title at the 2014 tournament in Brazil.
The current format of the competition involves a qualification phase, which currently takes place over the preceding three years, to determine which teams qualify for the tournament phase, which is often called the World Cup Finals. 32 teams, including the automatically qualifying host nation(s), compete in the tournament phase for the title at venues within the host nation(s) over a period of about a month.
The 20 World Cup tournaments have been won by eight different national teams. Brazil have won five times, and they are the only team to have played in every tournament. The other World Cup winners are Italy and Germany, with four titles each; Argentina and inaugural winners Uruguay, with two titles each; and England, France and Spain, with one title each.
The World Cup is the most widely viewed and followed sporting event in the world, exceeding even the Olympic Games; the cumulative audience of all matches of the 2006 FIFA World Cup was estimated to be 26.29 billion with an estimated 715.1 million people watching the final match, a ninth of the entire population of the planet.
The 2014 World Cup took place in Brazil. The next two World Cups will be hosted by Russia in 2018 and Qatar in 2022. Both choices have been criticised in the media, Russia in light of the 2014 Crimean crisis and Qatar for allegations of vote-buying and poor working conditions for foreign workers
The current format of the competition involves a qualification phase, which currently takes place over the preceding three years, to determine which teams qualify for the tournament phase, which is often called the World Cup Finals. 32 teams, including the automatically qualifying host nation(s), compete in the tournament phase for the title at venues within the host nation(s) over a period of about a month.
The 20 World Cup tournaments have been won by eight different national teams. Brazil have won five times, and they are the only team to have played in every tournament. The other World Cup winners are Italy and Germany, with four titles each; Argentina and inaugural winners Uruguay, with two titles each; and England, France and Spain, with one title each.
The World Cup is the most widely viewed and followed sporting event in the world, exceeding even the Olympic Games; the cumulative audience of all matches of the 2006 FIFA World Cup was estimated to be 26.29 billion with an estimated 715.1 million people watching the final match, a ninth of the entire population of the planet.
The 2014 World Cup took place in Brazil. The next two World Cups will be hosted by Russia in 2018 and Qatar in 2022. Both choices have been criticised in the media, Russia in light of the 2014 Crimean crisis and Qatar for allegations of vote-buying and poor working conditions for foreign workers
Toyota Motor Corporation (Japanese: トヨタ自動車株式会社 Hepburn: Toyota Jidōsha KK?, IPA: [toꜜjota], /tɔɪˈoʊtə/) is a Japanese automotive manufacturer headquartered in Toyota, Aichi, Japan. In March 2014 the multinational corporation consisted of 338,875 employees worldwide and, as of November 2014, is the twelfth-largest company in the world by revenue. Toyota was the largest automobile manufacturer in 2012 (by production) ahead of the Volkswagen Group and General Motors. In July of that year, the company reported the production of its 200-millionth vehicle. Toyota is the world's first automobile manufacturer to produce more than 10 million vehicles per year. It did so in 2012 according to OICA, and in 2013 according to company data.[9] As of July 2014, Toyota was the largest listed company in Japan by market capitalization (worth more than twice as much as #2-ranked SoftBank) and by revenue.
The company was founded by Kiichiro Toyoda in 1937 as a spinoff from his father's company Toyota Industries to create automobiles. Three years earlier, in 1934, while still a department of Toyota Industries, it created its first product, the Type A engine, and, in 1936, its first passenger car, the Toyota AA. Toyota Motor Corporation produces vehicles under 5 brands, including the Toyota brand, Hino, Lexus, Ranz, and Scion. It also holds a 51.2% stake in Daihatsu, a 16.66% stake in Fuji Heavy Industries, a 5.9% stake in Isuzu, and a 0.27% stake in Tesla, as well as joint-ventures with two in China (GAC Toyota and Sichuan FAW Toyota Motor), one in India (Toyota Kirloskar), one in the Czech Republic (TPCA), along with several "nonautomotive" companies. TMC is part of the Toyota Group, one of the largest conglomerates in the world.
The company was founded by Kiichiro Toyoda in 1937 as a spinoff from his father's company Toyota Industries to create automobiles. Three years earlier, in 1934, while still a department of Toyota Industries, it created its first product, the Type A engine, and, in 1936, its first passenger car, the Toyota AA. Toyota Motor Corporation produces vehicles under 5 brands, including the Toyota brand, Hino, Lexus, Ranz, and Scion. It also holds a 51.2% stake in Daihatsu, a 16.66% stake in Fuji Heavy Industries, a 5.9% stake in Isuzu, and a 0.27% stake in Tesla, as well as joint-ventures with two in China (GAC Toyota and Sichuan FAW Toyota Motor), one in India (Toyota Kirloskar), one in the Czech Republic (TPCA), along with several "nonautomotive" companies. TMC is part of the Toyota Group, one of the largest conglomerates in the world.
Mercedes-Benz (German pronunciation: [mɛʁˈt͡seːdəs ˈbɛnt͡s]) is a German automobile manufacturer, a multinational division of the German manufacturer Daimler AG. The brand is used for luxury automobiles, buses, coaches, and trucks. The headquarters of Mercedes-Benz is in Stuttgart, Baden-Württemberg, Germany.
The name first appeared in 1926 under Daimler-Benz, but traces its origins to Daimler-Motoren-Gesellschaft's 1901 Mercedes and to Karl Benz's 1886 Benz Patent-Motorwagen, which is widely regarded as the first gasoline powered automobile. Mercedes-Benz's slogan is "Das Beste oder nichts" (English: "The best or nothing"). Mercedes-Benz is part of the "German Big 3" luxury automakers, along with Audi and BMW, which are the best-selling luxury automakers in the world.
The name first appeared in 1926 under Daimler-Benz, but traces its origins to Daimler-Motoren-Gesellschaft's 1901 Mercedes and to Karl Benz's 1886 Benz Patent-Motorwagen, which is widely regarded as the first gasoline powered automobile. Mercedes-Benz's slogan is "Das Beste oder nichts" (English: "The best or nothing"). Mercedes-Benz is part of the "German Big 3" luxury automakers, along with Audi and BMW, which are the best-selling luxury automakers in the world.
Bayerische Motoren Werke AG (About this sound pronunciation (help·info); English: Bavarian Motor Works), commonly known as BMW or BMW AG, is a German automobile, motorcycle and engine manufacturing company founded in 1916.
BMW is headquartered in Munich, Bavaria, Germany. It also owns and produces Mini cars, and is the parent company of Rolls-Royce Motor Cars. BMW produces motorcycles under BMW Motorrad. In 2014, the BMW Group produced 2,117,965 automobiles and approximately 120,000 motorcycles across all of its brands. BMW is part of the "German Big 3" luxury automakers, along with Audi and Mercedes-Benz, which are the three best-selling luxury automakers in the world
BMW is headquartered in Munich, Bavaria, Germany. It also owns and produces Mini cars, and is the parent company of Rolls-Royce Motor Cars. BMW produces motorcycles under BMW Motorrad. In 2014, the BMW Group produced 2,117,965 automobiles and approximately 120,000 motorcycles across all of its brands. BMW is part of the "German Big 3" luxury automakers, along with Audi and Mercedes-Benz, which are the three best-selling luxury automakers in the world
A USB flash drive, also known under a variety of other names, is a data storage device that includes flash memory with an integrated Universal Serial Bus (USB) interface. USB flash drives are typically removable and rewritable, and physically much smaller than an optical disc. Most weigh less than 30 grams (1.1 oz). As of January 2013, drives of up to 512 gigabytes (GB) were available. A one-terabyte (TB) drive was unveiled at the 2013 Consumer Electronics Show and became available later that year.Storage capacities as large as 2 TB are planned, with steady improvements in size and price per capacity expected. Some allow up to 100,000 write/erase cycles, depending on the exact type of memory chip used, and have a 10-year shelf storage time.
USB flash drives are often used for the same purposes for which floppy disks or CDs were used, i.e., for storage, data back-up and transfer of computer files. They are smaller, faster, have thousands of times more capacity, and are more durable and reliable because they have no moving parts. Additionally, they are immune to electromagnetic interference (unlike floppy disks), and are unharmed by surface scratches (unlike CDs). Until about 2005, most desktop and laptop computers were supplied with floppy disk drives in addition to USB ports, but floppy disk drives have been abandoned due to their lower capacity compared to USB flash drives.
USB flash drives use the USB mass storage standard, supported natively by modern operating systems such as Windows, Linux, OS X and other Unix-like systems, as well as many BIOS boot ROMs. USB drives with USB 2.0 support can store more data and transfer faster than much larger optical disc drives like CD-RW or DVD-RW drives and can be read by many other systems such as the Xbox 360, PlayStation 3, DVD players and in a number of handheld devices such as smartphones and tablet computers, though the electronically similar SD card is better suited for those devices.
A flash drive consists of a small printed circuit board carrying the circuit elements and a USB connector, insulated electrically and protected inside a plastic, metal, or rubberized case which can be carried in a pocket or on a key chain, for example. The USB connector may be protected by a removable cap or by retracting into the body of the drive, although it is not likely to be damaged if unprotected. Most flash drives use a standard type-A USB connection allowing connection with a port on a personal computer, but drives for other interfaces also exist. USB flash drives draw power from the computer via the USB connection. Some devices combine the functionality of a digital audio player with USB flash storage; they require a battery only when used to play music.
USB flash drives are often used for the same purposes for which floppy disks or CDs were used, i.e., for storage, data back-up and transfer of computer files. They are smaller, faster, have thousands of times more capacity, and are more durable and reliable because they have no moving parts. Additionally, they are immune to electromagnetic interference (unlike floppy disks), and are unharmed by surface scratches (unlike CDs). Until about 2005, most desktop and laptop computers were supplied with floppy disk drives in addition to USB ports, but floppy disk drives have been abandoned due to their lower capacity compared to USB flash drives.
USB flash drives use the USB mass storage standard, supported natively by modern operating systems such as Windows, Linux, OS X and other Unix-like systems, as well as many BIOS boot ROMs. USB drives with USB 2.0 support can store more data and transfer faster than much larger optical disc drives like CD-RW or DVD-RW drives and can be read by many other systems such as the Xbox 360, PlayStation 3, DVD players and in a number of handheld devices such as smartphones and tablet computers, though the electronically similar SD card is better suited for those devices.
A flash drive consists of a small printed circuit board carrying the circuit elements and a USB connector, insulated electrically and protected inside a plastic, metal, or rubberized case which can be carried in a pocket or on a key chain, for example. The USB connector may be protected by a removable cap or by retracting into the body of the drive, although it is not likely to be damaged if unprotected. Most flash drives use a standard type-A USB connection allowing connection with a port on a personal computer, but drives for other interfaces also exist. USB flash drives draw power from the computer via the USB connection. Some devices combine the functionality of a digital audio player with USB flash storage; they require a battery only when used to play music.
A shoe is an item of footwear intended to protect and comfort the human foot while doing various activities. Shoes are also used as an item of decoration. The design of shoes has varied enormously through time and from culture to culture, with appearance originally being tied to function. Additionally, fashion has often dictated many design elements, such as whether shoes have very high heels or flat ones. Contemporary footwear varies widely in style, complexity and cost. Basic sandals may consist of only a thin sole and simple strap. High fashion shoes may be made of very expensive materials in complex construction and sell for thousands of dollars a pair. Other shoes are for very specific purposes, such as boots designed specifically for mountaineering or skiing.
Traditionally, shoes have been made from leather, wood or canvas, but are increasingly made from rubber, plastics, and other petrochemical-derived materials.
The foot contains more bones than any other single part of the body. Though it has evolved over hundreds of thousands of years in relation to vastly varied terrain and climate conditions, the foot is still vulnerable to environmental hazards such as sharp rocks and hot ground, against which, shoes can protect.
Traditionally, shoes have been made from leather, wood or canvas, but are increasingly made from rubber, plastics, and other petrochemical-derived materials.
The foot contains more bones than any other single part of the body. Though it has evolved over hundreds of thousands of years in relation to vastly varied terrain and climate conditions, the foot is still vulnerable to environmental hazards such as sharp rocks and hot ground, against which, shoes can protect.
A T-shirt (or tee-shirt, or tee) is a style of fabric shirt, named after the T shape of the body and sleeves. It is normally associated with short sleeves, a round neck line known as a "crew neck", and no collar.
Typically made of cotton fibers knitted in a jersey stitch, they have a distinctive soft texture compared to woven shirts. The majority of modern versions have a body made from a continuously woven tube, on a circular loom, so that the torso has no side seams. The manufacture of T-shirts has become highly automated, and may include fabric cutting by laser or water jet.
The T-shirt evolved from undergarments used in the 19th century, through cutting the one-piece "union suit" underwear into separate top and bottom garments, with the top long enough to tuck under the waistband of the bottoms. With and without buttons, they were adopted by miners and stevedores during the late 19th century as a convenient covering for hot environments.
As slip-on garments without buttons, they originally became popular in the United States when they were issued by the U.S. Navy during or following the Spanish–American War of 1898. These were a crew-necked, short-sleeved, white cotton undershirt to be worn under a uniform. It became common for sailors and Marines in work parties, the early submarines, and tropical climates to remove their uniform "jacket", wearing (and soiling) only the undershirt.
They soon became popular as a bottom layer of clothing for workers in various industries, including agriculture. The T-shirt was easily fitted, easily cleaned, and inexpensive, and for those reasons it became the shirt of choice for young boys. Boys' shirts were made in various colors and patterns. By the Great Depression, the T-shirt was often the default garment to be worn when doing farm or ranch chores, as well as other times when modesty called for a torso covering but conditions called for lightweight fabrics.
A V-neck T-shirt has a V-shaped neckline, as opposed to the round neckline of the more common crew neck shirt. V-necks were introduced so that the neckline of the shirt does not stand out when an outer shirt is worn over it, thus reducing or eliminating the visible cloth above the outer shirt of a crew neck shirt.
Typically made of cotton fibers knitted in a jersey stitch, they have a distinctive soft texture compared to woven shirts. The majority of modern versions have a body made from a continuously woven tube, on a circular loom, so that the torso has no side seams. The manufacture of T-shirts has become highly automated, and may include fabric cutting by laser or water jet.
The T-shirt evolved from undergarments used in the 19th century, through cutting the one-piece "union suit" underwear into separate top and bottom garments, with the top long enough to tuck under the waistband of the bottoms. With and without buttons, they were adopted by miners and stevedores during the late 19th century as a convenient covering for hot environments.
As slip-on garments without buttons, they originally became popular in the United States when they were issued by the U.S. Navy during or following the Spanish–American War of 1898. These were a crew-necked, short-sleeved, white cotton undershirt to be worn under a uniform. It became common for sailors and Marines in work parties, the early submarines, and tropical climates to remove their uniform "jacket", wearing (and soiling) only the undershirt.
They soon became popular as a bottom layer of clothing for workers in various industries, including agriculture. The T-shirt was easily fitted, easily cleaned, and inexpensive, and for those reasons it became the shirt of choice for young boys. Boys' shirts were made in various colors and patterns. By the Great Depression, the T-shirt was often the default garment to be worn when doing farm or ranch chores, as well as other times when modesty called for a torso covering but conditions called for lightweight fabrics.
A V-neck T-shirt has a V-shaped neckline, as opposed to the round neckline of the more common crew neck shirt. V-necks were introduced so that the neckline of the shirt does not stand out when an outer shirt is worn over it, thus reducing or eliminating the visible cloth above the outer shirt of a crew neck shirt.
A mechanical fan is a machine used to create flow within a fluid, typically a gas such as air. The fan consists of a rotating arrangement of vanes or blades which act on the fluid. The rotating assembly of blades and hub is known as an impeller, a rotor, or a runner. Usually, it is contained within some form of housing or case. This may direct the airflow or increase safety by preventing objects from contacting the fan blades. Most fans are powered by electric motors, but other sources of power may be used, including hydraulic motors and internal combustion engines. Fans produce flows with high volume and low pressure (although higher than ambient pressure), as opposed to compressors which produce high pressures at a comparatively low volume. A fan blade will often rotate when exposed to a fluid stream, and devices that take advantage of this, such as anemometers and wind turbines, often have designs similar to that of a fan.
For more details on this topic, see Centrifugal compressor.
Typical applications include climate control and personal thermal comfort (e.g., an electric table or floor fan), vehicle and machinery cooling systems, ventilation, fume extraction, winnowing (e.g., separating chaff of cereal grains), removing dust (e.g. in a vacuum cleaner), drying (usually in combination with heat) and to provide draft for a fire. While fans are often used to cool people, they do not actually cool air (if anything, electric fans warm it slightly due to the warming of their motors), but work by evaporative cooling of sweat and increased heat convection into the surrounding air due to the airflow from the fans. Thus, fans may become ineffective at cooling the body if the surrounding air is near body temperature and contains high humidity. In addition to their utilitarian function, vintage or antique fans, and in particular electric fans manufactured from the late 19th century through the 1950s, have become a recognized collectible category; for example, in the U.S.A. there is the Antique Fan Collectors Association.
For more details on this topic, see Centrifugal compressor.
Typical applications include climate control and personal thermal comfort (e.g., an electric table or floor fan), vehicle and machinery cooling systems, ventilation, fume extraction, winnowing (e.g., separating chaff of cereal grains), removing dust (e.g. in a vacuum cleaner), drying (usually in combination with heat) and to provide draft for a fire. While fans are often used to cool people, they do not actually cool air (if anything, electric fans warm it slightly due to the warming of their motors), but work by evaporative cooling of sweat and increased heat convection into the surrounding air due to the airflow from the fans. Thus, fans may become ineffective at cooling the body if the surrounding air is near body temperature and contains high humidity. In addition to their utilitarian function, vintage or antique fans, and in particular electric fans manufactured from the late 19th century through the 1950s, have become a recognized collectible category; for example, in the U.S.A. there is the Antique Fan Collectors Association.
A CD player is an electronic device that plays audio compact discs. CD players are often a part of home stereo systems, car audio systems, and personal computers. They are also manufactured as portable devices. Modern units can play other formats in addition to PCM audio coding used in CDs, such as MP3, AAC and WMA. DJs often use players with an adjustable playback speed to alter the pitch and tempo of the music. CD playback functionality is also available on CD-ROM/DVD-ROM drive equipped computers as well as on DVD players and CD-ROM/DVD-ROM based game consoles.
A toy is an item that can be used for play. Toys are generally played with by children and pets. Playing with toys is an enjoyable means of training the young for life in society. Different materials are used to make toys enjoyable to both young and old. Many items are designed to serve as toys, but goods produced for other purposes can also be used. For instance, a small child may pick up a household item and "fly" it through the air as to pretend that it is an airplane. Another consideration is interactive digital entertainment. Some toys are produced primarily as collector's items and are intended for display only.
The origin of toys is prehistoric; dolls representing infants, animals, and soldiers, as well as representations of tools used by adults are readily found at archaeological sites. The origin of the word "toy" is unknown, but it is believed that it was first used in the 14th century. Toys are mainly made for children.
Toys, and play in general, are important when it comes to growing up and learning about the world around us. The young use toys and play to discover their identity, help their bodies grow strong, learn cause and effect, explore relationships, and practice skills they will need as adults. Adults use toys and play to form and strengthen social bonds, teach, remember and reinforce lessons from their youth, discover their identity, exercise their minds and bodies, explore relationships, practice skills, and decorate their living spaces.
The origin of toys is prehistoric; dolls representing infants, animals, and soldiers, as well as representations of tools used by adults are readily found at archaeological sites. The origin of the word "toy" is unknown, but it is believed that it was first used in the 14th century. Toys are mainly made for children.
Toys, and play in general, are important when it comes to growing up and learning about the world around us. The young use toys and play to discover their identity, help their bodies grow strong, learn cause and effect, explore relationships, and practice skills they will need as adults. Adults use toys and play to form and strengthen social bonds, teach, remember and reinforce lessons from their youth, discover their identity, exercise their minds and bodies, explore relationships, practice skills, and decorate their living spaces.
Watches evolved in the 17th century from spring-powered clocks, which appeared as early as the 14th century. The first watches were strictly mechanical, driven by clockwork. As technology progressed, mechanical devices, used to control the speed of the watch, were largely superseded by vibrating quartz crystals that produce accurately timed electronic pulses. Some watches use radio clock technology to regularly correct the time. The first digital electronic watch was developed in 1970.
Most inexpensive and medium-priced watches, used mainly for timekeeping, are electronic watches with quartz movements. Expensive collectible watches, valued more for their elaborate craftsmanship, aesthetic appeal and glamorous design than for simple timekeeping, often have purely mechanical movements and are powered by springs, even though these movements are generally less accurate and more expensive than electronic ones. Various extra features, called "complications", such as moon-phase displays and the different types of tourbillon, are sometimes included. Modern watches often display the day, date, month and year, and electronic watches may have many other functions. Time-related features such as timers, chronographs and alarm functions are common. Some modern designs incorporate calculators, use GPS technology or have heart-rate monitoring capabilities. Watches incorporating GPS receivers use them not only to determine their position. They also receive and use time signals from the satellites, which make them essentially perfectly accurate timekeepers, even over long periods of time.
The study of timekeeping is known as horology.
Most inexpensive and medium-priced watches, used mainly for timekeeping, are electronic watches with quartz movements. Expensive collectible watches, valued more for their elaborate craftsmanship, aesthetic appeal and glamorous design than for simple timekeeping, often have purely mechanical movements and are powered by springs, even though these movements are generally less accurate and more expensive than electronic ones. Various extra features, called "complications", such as moon-phase displays and the different types of tourbillon, are sometimes included. Modern watches often display the day, date, month and year, and electronic watches may have many other functions. Time-related features such as timers, chronographs and alarm functions are common. Some modern designs incorporate calculators, use GPS technology or have heart-rate monitoring capabilities. Watches incorporating GPS receivers use them not only to determine their position. They also receive and use time signals from the satellites, which make them essentially perfectly accurate timekeepers, even over long periods of time.
The study of timekeeping is known as horology.
An airplane or aeroplane (informally plane) is a powered, fixed-wing aircraft that is propelled forward by thrust from a jet engine or propeller. Airplanes come in a variety of sizes, shapes, and wing configurations. The broad spectrum of uses for airplanes includes recreation, transportation of goods and people, military, and research. Commercial aviation is a massive industry involving the flying of tens of thousands of passengers daily on airliners. Most airplanes are flown by a pilot on board the aircraft, but some are designed to be remotely or computer-controlled.
The Wright brothers invented and flew the first airplane in 1903, recognized as "the first sustained and controlled heavier-than-air powered flight".[1] They built on the works of Sir George Cayley dating from 1799, when he set forth the concept of the modern airplane (and later built and flew models and successful passenger-carrying gliders).[2] Between 1867 and 1896, the German pioneer of human aviation Otto Lilienthal also studied heavier-than-air flight. Following its limited use in World War I, aircraft technology continued to develop. Airplanes had a presence in all the major battles of World War II. The first jet aircraft was the German Heinkel He 178 in 1939. The first jet airliner, the de Havilland Comet, was introduced in 1952. The Boeing 707, the first widely successful commercial jet, was in commercial service for more than 50 years, from 1958 to 2010.
The Wright brothers invented and flew the first airplane in 1903, recognized as "the first sustained and controlled heavier-than-air powered flight".[1] They built on the works of Sir George Cayley dating from 1799, when he set forth the concept of the modern airplane (and later built and flew models and successful passenger-carrying gliders).[2] Between 1867 and 1896, the German pioneer of human aviation Otto Lilienthal also studied heavier-than-air flight. Following its limited use in World War I, aircraft technology continued to develop. Airplanes had a presence in all the major battles of World War II. The first jet aircraft was the German Heinkel He 178 in 1939. The first jet airliner, the de Havilland Comet, was introduced in 1952. The Boeing 707, the first widely successful commercial jet, was in commercial service for more than 50 years, from 1958 to 2010.
Wednesday, May 6, 2015
ENIAC
ENIAC was the first electronic general-purpose computer. It was Turing-complete, digital, and capable of being reprogrammed to solve "a large class of numerical problems
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